How to prevent my system from impacting database performance?

I'm designing a service which could potentially retrieve large amounts of data from my database. This service runs very infrequently, maybe once a week. Given that many other services are using this database, how can I prevent my new service from impacting the database's performance with my queries such that the other services' performance isn't impacted as a result?

I've considered a very basic rate limiting approach, where my service only makes queries to the database between certain time intervals in batches, but I wanted to know of any other things that might be helpful.